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have apartments compared to 21% of Belgian owners. Upon arrival and in the first
period of residence, housing ownership is not widespread. In Italy, a new indicator
has been introduced, the number and per centage of immigrants staying in refugee
centers.
The "housing typology" and "housing typology by year of arrival" allows conclusions
on possible improvements in the housing situation of immigrant. Another important
indicators are "the number of persons per surface" and the "tenure and services per
accommodation" referring to WC and bath facilities, sanitary installations in general,
central heating, etc.
In the field of education the most common indicator is "the number of students by
school type". The attendance rate should be estimated, which is difficult to do. In
order to evaluate the integration of students, the performance (success or failure)
should be rated. According to the Belgian report, immigrants' children are less
successful in school than children belonging to the majority population; 29% of the
foreign pupils failed their first year of primary education compared to 8,5% of Flemish
pupils. The failure rate becomes even more important in the following years of
education. The reasons for this development are among others: the high
concentration of foreign pupils in certain schools, missing language skills, lacking
participation in pre-school education, overworked and demotivated teachers, etc.
There is a link between the language skills, the rate of school-leaving and the school
results of the immigrants' children.
Countries also use other general indicators adapted to their experience: Italy and the
United Kingdom suggested to study the criminality rate among immigrants as to
identify social unrest. It would also be of great use, though very difficult, to analyse
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irregular and clandestine migrants. France and Italy have considered to introduce
"the number of family reunions" and "acceptance rate of family reunion applications"
as new indicators.
4. The statistical sources
The sources of principal statistical indicators on integration are:
1. Percentage of the active foreign population in relation to the total foreign
population
In Italy it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status, educational
level, sector of economic activity, language skills. Sources: residence permits,
registered at Labour Registry Office, INPS.
In Germany it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status, sector of
economic activity. Sources: Micro census, Federal Labour Office.
In the Netherlands it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, educational level,
profession. Sources: Census, Labour Office.
In Belgium it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, educational level, kind of
profession, marital status. Sources: periodical official data, unofficial estimates.
In Great Britain it has been analysed by sex, age, knowledge of language. Sources:
Census, labour force, local and national suveys, statistical analysis, Commission for
Racial Equality investigations, research.
In France it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, sector of economic activity.
Sources: Ministère de l'Education Nationale, OCDE, unofficial estimates.
2. Unemployment rate
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In Italy it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status, educational
level, sector of economic activity, knowledge of language. Sources: residence
permits, registered at L.R.O. (periodical official data, occasional unofficial estimates).
In Germany it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status, educational
level, sector of economic activity, knowledge of language. Sources: Federal Labour
Office,(occasional official survey, periodical official data, unofficial survey).
In the Netherlands it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status,
educational level. Sources: Labour Office (periodical official data).
In Belgium it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, marital status,
educational level. Sources: National Institute for Statistics (periodical official data).
In Great Britain it has been analysed by sex, age, knowledge of language. Sources:
Census, Labour force, local and national surveys, statistical analysis, immigration
Office.
In France it has been analysed by sex, age, nationality, sector of economic activity.
Sources: Ministère de l'Education Nationale, OCDE, unofficial estimates.
3. Overcrowding rate4 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]